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History of Brutalist architecture - 4/11/2006
Brutalism gained large momentum in Britain during the middle 20th century, as economically depressed (and WWII-ravaged) communities sought inexpensive construction and design methods for low-cost housing, shopping centers, and government buildings. ...
Byzantine architecture - 4/11/2006
Byzantine architecture is the architecture of the Byzantine Empire. ...
Byzantine legacy - 4/11/2006
Ultimately, Byzantine architecture in the West gave way to Romanesque and Gothic architecture. In the East it exerted a profound influence on early Islamic architecture, with notable examples including the Umayyad Great Mosque of Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, which required Byzantine craftsmen and mosaicists to decorate. ...
Western Cathedral architecture - 4/11/2006
Cathedrals are among the most ambitious buildings ever conceived, far exceeding the size and complexity of most other constructions and often requiring many years to complete. ...
Basic elements of Western Cathedral architecture - 4/11/2006
The essential element of a cathedral is the cathedra, the throne of the bishop. ...
Chevets of Western Cathedral architecture - 4/11/2006
The earliest example of the chevet is probably to be found in the church of St Martin at Tours; this was followed by others at Tournus, Clermont-Ferrand, Auxerre, Chartres, Le Mans and other churches built during the great church-building period of the 11th century. ...
City Beautiful movement - 4/11/2006
The City Beautiful movement was a Progressive reform movement in North American architecture and urban planning that flourished in the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the perceived moral decay of poverty-stricken urban environments. ...
Classical architecture - 4/11/2006
From the point of view of modern times, the ancient civilizations of the Mediterranean sometimes seem to blend smoothly into one melange we call the Classical. ...
Architecture of Ancient Greece - 4/11/2006
Architecture (building executed to an aesthetically considered design) was extinct in Greece from the end of the Mycenaean period (about 1200 BC) until the 7th century BC, when urban life and prosperity recovered to a point where public building could be undertaken. ...
Roman architecture - 4/11/2006
The Romans adopted the external language of classical Greek architecture for their own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architectural style. ...
Colonial Revival architecture - 4/11/2006
The Colonial Revival was a nationalistic architectural style in the United States. In the early 1890s — a time when manifest destiny was at its peak — Americans began to value their own heritage and architecture. ...
Deconstructivism - 4/11/2006
Deconstructivism, also called Deconstruction, is a recent school of thought in architecture which draws its philosophical bases from the literary movement Deconstruction. ...
Egyptian Revival architecture - 4/11/2006
Egyptian Revival is (primarily) an architectural style that references the visual motifs and imagery of Ancient Egypt. ...
Elizabethan architecture - 4/11/2006
Elizabethan Style, in architecture, the term given to the early Renaissance style in England, which flourished chiefly during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I; it followed the Tudor style, and was succeeded in the beginning of the 16th century by the purer Italian style introduced by Inigo Jones. ...
Empire (style) - 4/11/2006
Empire is an early 19th century style of architecture and furniture design that and originates from Napoleon's rule of France. ...
Federal architecture - 4/11/2006
Federal style architecture occurred in the United States between 1780 and 1830, particularly from 1785 to 1815. ...
Futurist architecture - 4/11/2006
Futurist architecture born as the architectural vision inside the Futurism, an artistic movement lasted in Italy from 1909 to 1944 animated by the poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, with works by notable figures such as architect Antonio Sant'Elia and the artists Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, Fortunato Depero, Enrico Prampolini, etc.: it is characterized by anti-historicism and his forms suggest speed, dynamism and strong expressivity, absolutely adequate to the modern times. ...
Georgian architecture - 4/11/2006
Georgian architecture is the name given in English-speaking countries to the classic architectural styles current between about 1720 and 1840, named after the four British monarchs named George. ...
Googie architecture - 4/11/2006
Googie, also known as populuxe, is a subdivison of futurist architecture influenced by car culture and the Space Age, originating from southern California in the late 1940s and continuing approximately into the mid-1960s. ...
History of Googie architecture - 4/11/2006
The identity of the first architect to practice in the style is often disputed, though Wayne McAllister is usually given credit for kick-starting the style with his 1949 Bob's Big Boy restaurant in Toluca Lake. ...
Characteristics of Googie architecture - 4/11/2006
Cantilevered structures, acute angles, illuminated plastic panelling, freeform boomerang and artist's palette shapes and cutouts, and tailfins on buildings marked Googie architecture, which was beneath contempt to the architects of Modernism, but found defenders in the post-Modern climate at the end of the 20th century. ...
Gothic architecture - 4/11/2006
Gothic architecture is a style of European architecture, particularly associated with cathedrals and other churches, beginning in 12th century France and in use during the high and late medieval period. ...
The Term "Gothic" - 4/11/2006
Gothic architecture has nothing to do with the historical Goths. It was a pejorative term that came to be used as early as the 1530s to describe culture that was considered rude and barbaric. ...
Characteristics of Gothic architecture - 4/11/2006
The style emphasizes verticality and features almost skeletal stone structures with great expanses of glass, sharply pointed spires, cluster columns, flying buttresses, ribbed vaults, pointed arches using the ogive shape, and inventive sculptural detail. ...
Gothic in the 20th Century - 4/11/2006
Neo-Gothic continued to be considered appropriate for churches and college buildings well into the 20th century. ...
General characteristics Property (ownership right) - 4/8/2006
Modern property rights conceive of ownership and possession as belonging to legal individuals, even if the legal individual is not a real person. ...
Ownership and control - 4/8/2006
As formulated by the Cato Institute , the desiderata are mentioned herein. ...
Political consequences and unexpected consequences - 4/8/2006
Consistently with the basic tenet, proponents of an ownership society usually support inherited wealth, and oppose inheritance taxes and wealth taxes. ...
Quotations - 4/8/2006
We Conservatives have always passed our values from generation to generation. ...
Recreation - 4/8/2006
The convention is today the basis for recreation in these of the Nordic countries, providing the possibility to hike or camp on someone else's land (e.g. for up to three nights, or "temporarily"), to travel by boat on somebody else's waters, and to pick the wild flowers, mushrooms and berries. ...
Air rights - 4/8/2006
Air rights are a type of development right in real estate. ...
Public easements versus private easements - 4/8/2006
Easements may be considered public or private. ...
Creation of easements - 4/8/2006
Easements may be created in a number of ways. ...
Trespass upon easement - 4/8/2006
Blocking access to someone who has an easement is a trespass upon the right of easement and creates a cause of action for civil suit. ...
Easement by necessity - 4/8/2006
Similarly, parcels without access to a public way may have an easement of access over adjacent land, if crossing that land is absolutely necessary to reach the landlocked parcel. ...
Restrictive easement - 4/8/2006
Restrictive easements are also called "negative easements," as their "use" is normally prohibitive, such as a common "non-vehicular access" easement as shown along a main thoroughfare where the governmental entity needs to restrict access. ...
Easement by prescription - 4/8/2006
Easements by prescription, also called prescriptive easements, are implied easements that give the easement holder a right to use another person's property for the purpose the easement holder has used the property for a certain number of years, which varies from state to state. ...
Easement in gross - 4/8/2006
An easement in gross is one that is attached to an individual person or legal entity rather than a parcel of real estate served by the easement. ...
Land rights - 4/8/2006
Land rights are those property rights that pertain to real estate, that is, land. ...
Public trust doctrine - 4/8/2006
The public trust doctrine is the principle that certain resources are preserved for public use, and that the government is required to maintain it for the public's reasonable use. ...
Aboriginal land claims - 4/8/2006
Aboriginal land claims are claims of Native or Aboriginal peoples (also referred to as Indigenous peoples) about their ownership of land before the arrival of settlers, primarily Europeans. ...
Native title - 4/8/2006
Native title is a concept in the law of Australia that recognises the continued ownership of land by local Indigenous Australians. ...
Homestead principle - 4/8/2006
The Homestead principle in law is the concept that one can gain ownership of something which currently has no owner by using that thing. ...
Homesteading - 4/8/2006
Broadly, homesteading is a lifestyle of agrarian self-sufficiency. ...
Land grant - 4/8/2006
A land grant is a gift of land made by the government for projects such as roads, railroads, or rewards for military service, or especially academic institutions. ...
Squatting - 4/8/2006
Squatting is the act of occupying an abandoned or unoccupied space or building that the squatter does not own, rent or otherwise have permission to use. ...
Squatting in Australia - 4/8/2006
In Australian history, the term refers to early farmers who occupied huge tracts of largely undeveloped land on which they ran large numbers of sheep and cattle. Initially often having no legal rights to the land, they gained its usage by being the first (and often the only) Europeans in the area. ...
Squatting in the United Kingdom - 4/8/2006
In England and Wales, squatting usually refers to occupying an empty house in a city. The owner of the house must go through various legal proceedings before evicting squatters. ...
Squatting in the United States - 4/8/2006
In the United States, squatting laws vary from state to state and city to city. For the most part it is rarely tolerated to any degree for long, particularly in cities. ...
Property is theft! - 4/8/2006
Property is theft! (French: La propriété, c'est le vol!) is a slogan coined by the French anarchist Pierre-Joseph Proudhon in his book What is Property? Or, an Inquiry into the Principle of Right of Government. ...
Property law - 4/8/2006
Property law is the area of law that governs the various forms of ownership in real property (land as distinct from personal or movable possessions) and in personal property, within the common law legal system. ...
Property rights and contractual rights - 4/8/2006
Property rights are rights over things enforceable against other persons. By contrast, contractual rights, are rights enforceable against particular persons. ...
Property rights and personal rights - 4/8/2006
Property rights are also distinguished from personal rights. Practically all contemporary societies acknowledge this basic ontological and ethical distinction. ...
Transfer of property - 4/8/2006
The most usual way of acquiring an interest in property is as the result of a consensual transaction with the previous owner, for example, a sale or a gift. ...
Leases - 4/8/2006
Over the centuries, leases have served many purposes and the nature of legal regulation has varied according to those purposes and the social and economic conditions of the times. ...
Land economy - 4/8/2006
Land Economy is a multidisciplinary subject becoming increasingly popular at universities in the United Kingdom. ...
Building - 4/8/2006
Building is either the act of creating an object assembled from more than one element, or the object itself; see also construction. ...
Architecture - 4/8/2006
Architecture (from Latin, architectura and ultimately from Greek, a???te?t??, "a master builder", from a???- "chief, leader" and te?t??, "builder, carpenter") is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. ...
Scope and intentions of Architecture - 4/8/2006
According to the very earliest surviving work on the subject, Vitruvius' De architectura, good buildings satisfy three core principles: Firmness, Commodity, and Delight; architecture can be said to be a balance and coordination among these three elements, with none overpowering the others. ...
Architectural history - 4/8/2006
Architecture first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). ...
Architectural style - 4/8/2006
Architectural style is a way of classifying architecture largely by morphological characteristics - in terms of form, techniques, materials, etc. ...
Adam style - 4/8/2006
The Adam style (or Adamesque) is a style of neoclassical architecture and design as practised by Scottish architect Robert Adam (1728- 1792) and his brothers. ...
American Empire (style) - 4/8/2006
American Empire is a French-inspired Neo-classical style of American furniture and decoration that was initiated just before 1800 and is most notably exemplified by the furniture of Duncan Phyfe and Paris-trained Charles-Honoré Lannuier. ...
Archigram - 4/8/2006
Archigram was an avant-garde architectural group formed in the 1960s - based at the Architectural Association, London - that was futurist, anti-heroic and pro-consumerist, drawing inspiration from technology in order to create a new reality that was solely expressed through hypothetical projects. ...
Art Deco - 4/8/2006
Art Deco (French: Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes) was an early twentieth century movement in the decorative arts, that also grew in influence to affect architecture, fashion and the visual arts. ...
Art Nouveau - 4/8/2006
Art Nouveau (French for "new art") is a style in art, architecture and design that peaked in popularity at the beginning of the 20th century. ...
Career of Art Nouveau - 4/8/2006
Though Art Nouveau climaxed in the years 1892 to 1902, the first stirrings of an Art Nouveau can be recognized in the 1880s, in a handful of progressive designs influenced by the Arts and Crafts movement, such as the architect-designer Arthur Mackmurdo's often-illustrated bookcover design for his essay on the city churches of Sir Christopher Wren, published in 1883. ...
Character of Art Nouveau - 4/8/2006
Dynamic, undulating and flowing, curved "whiplash" lines of syncopated rhythm characterize much of Art Nouveau. Another feature is usage of hyperbolas and parabolas. Conventional moldings seem to spring to life and "grow" into plant-derived forms. ...
Baroque architecture - 4/8/2006
Baroque architecture, starting in the early 17th century in Italy, took the humanist Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical, theatrical, sculptural fashion, expressing the triumph of absolutist church and state. ...
Bauhaus - 4/8/2006
Bauhaus is the common term for the Staatliches Bauhaus, an art and architecture school in Germany that operated from 1919 to 1933, and for the approach to design that it developed and taught. ...
Architectural output of Bauhaus - 4/8/2006
The paradox of the early Bauhaus was that, although its manifesto proclaimed that the ultimate aim of all creative activity was building, the school wouldn't offer classes in architecture until 1927. ...
Impact of Bauhaus - 4/8/2006
The Bauhaus had a major impact on art and architecture trends in Western Europe, the United States and Israel in the decades following its demise, as many of the artists involved fled or were exiled by the Nazi regime. ...
Beaux-Arts architecture - 4/8/2006
Beaux-Arts architecture denotes the academic classical architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris, the home territory of this style, which influenced American architecture in the period 1885–1920. ...
Bosnian architecture - 4/8/2006
Architecture in Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely influenced by 4 major periods where political and social changes influenced the creation of distinct cultural and architectural habits of the population. ...
Brutalist architecture - 4/8/2006
Brutalism is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. ...
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